✅CSS selectors

targeting a group of elements of a webpage

A CSS selector finds a specific group of related objects on a webpage, in order to give each of them the same styling!

For example, every second-level heading (<h2>) can enjoy the same font sizings or line heights (or whatever) with a concise, one-line CSS rule!

Structure

The template for two CSS selectors and their properties:

(selector1) {
    (property1) : (value1); 
}

(selector2) {
    (property2) : (value2);
}

...

For example, to make a link red with no underline:

a {
    color: red;
    text-decoration: none;
}

Element selectors

To update the style for a top-level element, such as an <h1> or <a> we simply use the element's name as the selector, e.g.:

h1 {
    ...
}

Class selectors

To update the style for any element that has a specific class, e.g.

<h1 class="red">

...we would use the dot notation as such:

.red {
    color: red;
}

Note that we can have more precision with this notation:

h1.red {
    color: red;
}

...which would mean only the <h1> on a page with the class of red would get that style!

ID selectors

To update the style for a unique element on the page, e.g.

<section id="war-map">

...we would use the hashtag notation as such:

#war-map {
    ...
}

Recall that such an id should appear only once per HTML page!

Attribute selectors

To update the style for any element that has a specific attribute, e.g.

<span data-status="...">

...we would use the square bracket notation:

[data-status] {
    ...
}

Note that we could also specify attributes with certain values too:

[data-status="warning"] {
    color: red;
}

Partial match selectors

Looking at the attribute selectors above, we can see this has many fine-grained implications:

/* starts with "war" */
[data-status^="war"] { ... } 

/* contains "nin" */
[data-status*="nin"] { ... }

/* ends with "ing" */
[data-status$="ing"] { ... }

In the example above, any element with a data-status value of:

• warning would take the styles in all three declaration blocks

• churning would take the styles in only the last two blocks

• warsaw would take the styles in only the first block

Child selectors

Let us define the parent element and child element as such:

<div> <!-- parent -->
  <p> <!-- child -->
  </p>
</div>

Then, to target only the child element, we simply use the "greater than" notation:

div > p {
    ...
}

Descendant selectors

To target grand-children and great-grand-children elements (and so on), we just keep chaining the "greater than" notation:

main > aside > p > span {
    ...
}

In order to select descendants of an ancestor element, regardless of "generation", simply place them side by side:

main p {
    ...
}

That would apply the rule to any paragraph in the <main> tag!

Sibling selectors

Say that we have an element on the same level as another element in the HTML, e.g.:

<header>
    <h2>...</h2>
    <p>...</p>
    <aside>...</aside>
</header>

Adjacent siblings

To reach an adjacent element on the same level as another element, we can use the "plus" notation:

header h2 + p {
    ...
}

Note that, in that example, the <p> must come after <h2>!

Non-adjacent siblings

However, to reach a non-adjacent element, we can use the "tilde" notation:

header h2 ~ aside {
    ...
}

That about covers most of the selectors we would encounter on a daily basis in front-end web development! Of course, more exist and we would simply search for them when the need arises!